What disorder is characterized by abnormally enlarged alveoli leading to inadequate gaseous exchange?

The disorder characterized by abnormally enlarged alveoli, which leads to inadequate gaseous exchange, is emphysema. In emphysema, the walls of the alveoli become damaged and lose their elasticity, resulting in enlargement. This enlargement decreases the surface area available for gas exchange, making it difficult for oxygen to enter the bloodstream and for carbon dioxide to be expelled efficiently.

The pathophysiology of emphysema involves the breakdown of elastin and collagen fibers in the lungs, which can be caused by long-term exposure to irritants such as cigarette smoke or environmental pollutants. This damage leads to the formation of larger and fewer alveoli, contributing to the hallmark symptoms of breathlessness and difficulty in performing physical activities.

Understanding the nature of alveolar damage in emphysema is crucial not only for diagnosis but for determining appropriate treatment and management strategies for patients. Recognizing the distinctive characteristics of this condition can help differentiate it from other respiratory disorders.